Nonvolatile electrical switching of optical and valleytronic properties of interlayer excitons.

Long-lived interlayer excitons (IXs) in van der Waals heterostructures (HSs) stacked by monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) carry valley-polarized information and thus could find promising applications in valleytronic devices. Current manipulation approaches for valley polarization of IXs are mainly limited in electrical field/doping, magnetic field or twist-angle engineering. Here, we demonstrate an electrochemical-doping method, which is efficient, in-situ and nonvolatile. We find the emission characteristics of IXs in WS 2 /WSe 2 HSs exhibit a large excitonic/valley-polarized hysteresis upon cyclic-voltage sweeping, which is ascribed to the chemical-doping of O 2 /H 2 O redox couple trapped between WSe 2 and substrate. Taking advantage of the large hysteresis, a nonvolatile valley-addressable memory is successfully demonstrated. The valley-polarized information can be non-volatilely switched by electrical gating with retention time exceeding 60 min. These findings open up an avenue for nonvolatile valley-addressable memory and could stimulate more investigations on valleytronic devices.