A density functional theory study on the underwater adhesion of catechol onto a graphite surface.

Mussel foot proteins (MFPs) strongly adhere to both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces under wet conditions. This water-resistant adhesion of MFP is ascribed to catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) which is highly contained in the MFP. Currently, little is known about the molecular details of the underwater adhesion of catechol onto a nonpolar hydrophobic surface. By using the density functional theory, we investigate the adhesion of catechol onto a wet graphite surface. We unveil the molecular geometry and energy in the course of the wet adhesion of catechol. Catechol adheres through π-π stacking with the underlying graphite. The surrounding water molecules further strengthen the adhesion by forming hydrogen bonds with catechol. In addition, a significant charge transfer has been observed from wet graphite to the catechol. Consequently, catechol adheres onto the present hydrophobic surface as strongly as onto a hydrophilic silica surface.