CO Intermediate-Assisted Dynamic Cu Sintering During Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction on Cu-N-C Catalysts.

The electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (eCO 2 RR) to multicarbon products has been widely recognized for Cu-based catalysts. However, the structural changes in Cu-based catalysts during the eCO 2 RR pose challenges to achieving an in-depth understanding of the structure-activity relationship, thereby limiting catalyst development. Herein, we employ constant-potential density functional theory calculations to investigate the sintering process of Cu single atoms of Cu-N-C single-atom catalysts into clusters under eCO 2 RR conditions. Systematic constant-potential ab initio molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the leaching of Cu-(CO) x moieties and subsequent agglomeration into clusters can be facilitated by synergistic adsorption of H and eCO 2 RR intermediates (e.g., CO). Increasing the Cu 2+ concentration or the applied potential can efficiently suppress Cu sintering. Both microkinetic simulations and experimental results further confirm that sintered Cu clusters play a crucial role in generating C 2 products. These findings provide significant insights into the dynamic evolution of Cu-based catalysts and the origin of their activity toward C 2 products during the eCO 2 RR.