Immune-related adverse reactions in the hepatobiliary system: second-generation check-point inhibitors highlight diverse histological changes.

Pembrolizumab and atezolizumab manifested not only lobular hepatitis but also sclerosing cholangitis, lymphocytic duct injury and granulomatous hepatitis, probably representing various impaired cellular functions in CD8+ lymphocytes and macrophages due to blockage of PD-1-PD-L1 interaction.