Model-based orbital-scale precipitation δ 18 O variations and distinct mechanisms in Asian monsoon and arid regions.

The past Asian precipitation δ 18 O (δ 18 O p ) records from stalagmites and other deposits have shown significant orbital-scale variations, but their climatic implications and regional differences are still not fully understood. This study, as the first attempt of a 300-kyr transient stable isotope-enabled simulation, investigated the characteristics and mechanisms of the orbital-scale δ 18 O p variations in three representative regions of Asia: arid Central Asia (CA), monsoonal South Asia (SA) and monsoonal East Asia (EA). The modelling results showed that the variations in the CA, SA and EA annual δ 18 O p exhibited significant but asynchronous 23-kyr precession cycles. Further analyses revealed that although the precession-induced insolation variation was the ultimate cause of the δ 18 O p variation in all three regions, the dominant mechanisms and the involved physical processes were distinct among them. For the CA region, the rainy-season (November-March) temperature effect and water vapour transport by the westerly circulation were identified as the key precession-scale processes linking the October-February boreal mid-latitude insolation to the rainy-season or annual δ 18 O p . In the SA region, the rainy-season (June-September) precipitation amount effect and upstream depletion of the monsoonal water vapour δ 18 O served as the main mechanisms linking the rainy-season or annual δ 18 O p to the April-July insolation variation at the precession scale. For the EA region, however, the precession-scale annual δ 18 O p was mainly controlled by the late-monsoon (August-September) and pre-monsoon (April-May) water vapour transport patterns, which were driven by the July-August insolation and the global ice volume, respectively. These results suggest that the climatic implications of the orbital-scale Asia δ 18 O p variations are sensitive to their geographic locations as determined by the combined effects of insolation and regional circulation patterns associated with the respective rainy seasons. This study provides new insights into understanding the regional differences and formation mechanisms of the Asian orbital-scale δ 18 O p variations.