Tortuosity in non-atherosclerotic vascular diseases is associated with age, arterial aneurysms, and hypertension.

The ATI may be a promising tool in diagnostic evaluation, cardiovascular risk stratification, medical or surgical management, and prognostic assessment in several non-atherosclerotic vascular conditions. Further studies with longitudinal design and larger cohorts are needed to validate the role of ATI in the full spectrum of vascular diseases.