Genomic Distribution of Pro-Virulent cpdB -like Genes in Eubacteria and Comparison of the Enzyme Specificity of CpdB-like Proteins from Salmonella enterica , Escherichia coli and Streptococcus suis .

The cpdB gene is pro-virulent in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli and in Salmonella enterica , where it encodes a periplasmic protein named CpdB. It is structurally related to cell wall-anchored proteins, CdnP and SntA, encoded by the also pro-virulent cdnP and sntA genes of Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus suis , respectively. CdnP and SntA effects are due to extrabacterial hydrolysis of cyclic-di-AMP, and to complement action interference. The mechanism of CpdB pro-virulence is unknown, although the protein from non-pathogenic E. coli hydrolyzes cyclic dinucleotides. Considering that the pro-virulence of streptococcal CpdB-like proteins is mediated by c-di-AMP hydrolysis, S. enterica CpdB activity was tested as a phosphohydrolase of 3'-nucleotides, 2',3'-cyclic mononucleotides, linear and cyclic dinucleotides, and cyclic tetra- and hexanucleotides. The results help to understand cpdB pro-virulence in S. enterica and are compared with E. coli CpdB and S. suis SntA, including the activity of the latter on cyclic-tetra- and hexanucleotides reported here for the first time. On the other hand, since CpdB-like proteins are relevant to host-pathogen interactions, the presence of cpdB -like genes was probed in eubacterial taxa by TblastN analysis. The non-homogeneous genomic distribution revealed taxa with cpdB -like genes present or absent, identifying eubacteria and plasmids where they can be relevant.