Familial confounding affected the associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring speech and language, scholastic and coordination disorders.
Bianca ArrheniusAmir SariaslanAuli SuominenAndre SouranderDavid GyllenbergPublished in: Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) (2021)
The sibling comparisons suggested that the associations between prenatal smoking and speech and language, scholastic, coordination and mixed developmental disorders were confounded by familial factors shared by differentially exposed siblings.