Fecal metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal non-invasive biomarkers of Flavobacterium psychrophilum infection in ayu ( Plecoglossus altivelis ).

contain various specific biomarkers that increased 4 days post-challenge, at the earliest. Our findings are the first step in establishing a novel, non-invasive, and holistic monitoring method for fish diseases in aquaculture systems, especially in ayu, which is an important freshwater fish species in Asia, promoting a sustainable future.