Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Salt-Tolerance Pathways in the Leaves and Roots of ZM-4 ( Malus zumi ) in the Early Stages of Salt Stress.

The breeding of salt-tolerant rootstock relies heavily on the availability of salt-tolerant Malus germplasm resources. The first step in developing salt-tolerant resources is to learn their molecular and metabolic underpinnings. Hydroponic seedlings of both ZM-4 (salt-tolerant resource) and M9T337 (salt-sensitive rootstock) were treated with a solution of 75 mM salinity. ZM-4's fresh weight increased, then decreased, and then increased again after being treated with NaCl, whereas M9T337's fresh weight continued to decrease. The results of transcriptome and metabolome after 0 h (CK) and 24 h of NaCl treatment showed that the leaves of ZM-4 had a higher content of flavonoids (phloretinm, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, epiafzelechin, etc.) and the genes ( CHI , CYP , FLS , LAR , and ANR ) related to the flavonoid synthesis pathway showed up-regulation, suggesting a high antioxidant capacity. In addition to the high polyphenol content (L-phenylalanine, 5-O-p-coumaroyl quinic acid) and the high related gene expression ( 4CLL9 and SAT ), the roots of ZM-4 exhibited a high osmotic adjustment ability. Under normal growing conditions, the roots of ZM-4 contained a higher content of some amino acids (L-proline, tran-4-hydroxy-L-prolin, L-glutamine, etc.) and sugars (D-fructose 6-phosphate, D-glucose 6-phosphate, etc.), and the genes ( GLT1 , BAM7 , INV1 , etc.) related to these two pathways were highly expressed. Furthermore, some amino acids (S-(methyl) glutathione, N-methyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, etc.) and sugars (D-sucrose, maltotriose, etc.) increased and genes ( ALD1 , BCAT1 , AMY1.1 , etc.) related to the pathways showed up-regulation under salt stress. This research provided theoretical support for the application of breeding salt-tolerant rootstocks by elucidating the molecular and metabolic mechanisms of salt tolerance during the early stages of salt treatment for ZM-4.