Elevated MIF identified by multiple cytokine analyses facilitates macrophage M2 polarization contributing to postoperative recurrence in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Serum-specific cytokine signatures were associated with postoperative recurrence risk in CRSwNP. Elevated MIF enhanced macrophage M2 polarization and cytokine secretion, contributing to the recurrent mechanisms of CRSwNP.