How Foot Progression Angle Affects Knee Adduction Moment and Angular Impulse in Patients With and Without Medial Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta-Analysis.

Discrepancy in biomechanical effects of FPA modification was demonstrated between individuals with and without medial knee OA. Compared with natural walking, both toe-in and toe-out gait may be more effective in lowering EKAM and KAAI in healthy individuals. Toe-out gait may reduce EKAM and KAAI in patients with mild-to-severe knee OA. There is insufficient data from patients with early-stage knee OA, indicating that future research is required.