Calcium leakage involved in nematotoxic effects of the Conidiobolus obscurus CytCo protein on the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

balance in B. xylophilus, and induces apoptosis and ROS outburst, thereby intensifying its nematotoxic effects. This finding facilitates our understanding of the modes of action of nematotoxic proteins, and contributes to the development of innovative nematode control strategies. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.