Valence Engineering Enhancing NH 4 + Storage Capacity of Manganese Oxides.

Ammonium ions (NH 4 + ), as non-metallic charge carriers, are attracting attention in aqueous batteries due to its low molar mass, element sufficiency, and non-toxicity. However, the host materials for NH 4 + storage are still limited. Herein, an oxygen defects-rich manganese oxide (MnO 2-x ) for NH 4 + storage are reported. The oxygen defects can endow the MnO 2-x sample with improved electric conductivity and low interface activation energy. The electrochemical reaction mechanism is also verified by using ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), demonstrating the insertion and extraction of NH 4 + in the MnO 2-x by formation/breaking of a hydrogen bond. As a result, MnO 2-x delivers a high capacity of 109.9 mAh g -1 at the current density of 0.5 A g -1 and retention of 24 mAh g -1 after 1000 cycles at the current density of 4 A g -1 , outperforming the pristine MnO 2 sample.