Molecular GA pathways as conserved integrators for adaptive responses.

Gibberellins (GAs) which form a large family of phytohormones involved in almost every step of plant life and development have been discovered almost a century ago. The molecular characterization of GA metabolism and signalling mechanisms now provide explanations for the multiple crosstalks and the integration of external signals required for plants to adapt their development and growth to environmental conditions. In this review, we present the molecular elements of GA metabolism and signalling pathways with an emphasis on the key role of the GA/GID1/DELLA complex as a conserved developmental integrator. Further we discuss how the GA signalling pathway together with feedback regulation on GA metabolism contribute to the integration of endogenous and exogenous signals to provide an adaptive output.