Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a critical process involved in microbial fuel cells. Spatially resolved mapping of EET flux is of essential significance due to the inevitable spatial inhomogeneity over the bacteria/electrode interface. In this work, EET flux of a typical bioanode constructed by inhabiting Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 on a porous polyaniline (PANI) film was successfully mapped using a newly established oblique incident reflectivity difference (OIRD) technique. In the open-circuit state, the PANI film was reduced by the electrons released from the bacteria via the EET process, and the resultant redox state change of PANI was sensitively imaged by OIRD in a real-time and noninvasive manner. Due to the strong correlation between the EET flux and OIRD signal, the OIRD differential image represents spatially resolved EET flux, and the in situ OIRD signal reveals the dynamic behavior during the EET process, thus providing important spatiotemporal information complementary to the bulky electrochemical data.
Keyphrases
- electron transfer
- cardiovascular disease
- high resolution
- gold nanoparticles
- induced apoptosis
- reduced graphene oxide
- type diabetes
- stem cells
- wastewater treatment
- room temperature
- deep learning
- oxidative stress
- signaling pathway
- cell proliferation
- high density
- mesenchymal stem cells
- cell cycle arrest
- artificial intelligence
- health information
- liquid chromatography