Appraising the causal relationship between plasma caffeine levels and neuropsychiatric disorders through Mendelian randomization.
Benjamin WoolfHéléne Toinét CronjéLoukas ZagkosStephen BurgessDipender GillSusanna C LarssonPublished in: BMC medicine (2023)
These Mendelian randomization findings indicate that long-term higher plasma caffeine levels may lower the risk of bipolar disorder and MDD but increase the risk of anorexia nervosa. These results warrant further research to explore whether caffeine consumption, supplementation, or abstinence could render clinically relevant therapeutic or preventative psychiatric effects.