Fe(II) Oxidation Shaped Functional Genes and Bacteria Involved in Denitrification and Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium from Different Paddy Soils.

Microbial nitrate reduction can drive Fe(II) oxidation in anoxic environments, affecting the nitrous oxide emission and ammonium availability. The nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation usually causes severe cell encrustation via chemodenitrification and potentially inhibits bacterial activity due to the blocking effect of secondary minerals. However, it remains unclear how Fe(II) oxidation and subsequent cell encrustation affect the functional genes and bacteria for denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). Here, bacteria were enriched from different paddy soils with and without Fe(II) under nitrate-reducing conditions. Fe(II) addition decelerated nitrate reduction and increased NO 2 - accumulation, due to the rapid Fe(II) oxidation and cell encrustation in the periplasm and on the cell surface. The N 2 O accumulation was lower in the treatment with Fe(II) and nitrate than that in the treatment with nitrate only, although the proportions of N 2 O and NH 4 + to the reduced NO 3 - were low (3.25% ∼ 6.51%) at the end of incubation regardless of Fe(II) addition. The dominant bacteria varied from soils under nitrate-reducing conditions, while Fe(II) addition shaped a similar microbial community, including Dechloromonas , Azospira , and Pseudomonas . Fe(II) addition increased the relative abundance of napAB , nirS , norBC , nosZ , and nirBD genes but decreased that of narG and nrfA , suggesting that Fe(II) oxidation favored denitrification in the periplasm and NO 2 - -to-NH 4 + reduction in the cytoplasm. Dechloromonas dominated the NO 2 - -to-N 2 O reduction, while Thauera mediated the periplasmic nitrate reduction and cytoplasmic NO 2 - -to-NH 4 + during Fe(II) oxidation. However, Thauera showed much lower abundance than the dominant genera, resulting in slow nitrate reduction and limited NH 4 + production. These findings provide new insights into the response of denitrification and DNRA bacteria to Fe(II) oxidation and cell encrustation in anoxic environments.