Advances in Immunotherapies for Gliomas.

A limited number of phase III trials have been completed for checkpoint inhibitor, vaccine, as well as gene therapies, and have been unable to show improvement in survival outcomes. Nevertheless, these trials have also shown these strategies to be safe and promising with further adaptations. Further large-scale studies for chimeric antigen receptors T cell therapies and viral therapies are anticipated. Many current trials are broadening the number of antigens targeted and modulating the microtumor environment to abrogate early mechanisms of resistance. Future GBM treatment will also likely require synergistic effects by combination regimens.