Evolution of Musculoskeletal Electronics.

The musculoskeletal system, constituting the largest human physiological system, plays a critical role in providing structural support to the body, facilitating intricate movements, and safeguarding internal organs. By virtue of advancements in revolutionized materials and devices, particularly in the realms of motion capture, health monitoring, and postoperative rehabilitation, "musculoskeletal electronics" has actually emerged as an infancy area, but has not yet been explicitly proposed. In this review, we attempt to elucidate the concept of musculoskeletal electronics, and summarize the evolution history, representative progress and key strategies of the involved materials and state-of-the-art devices. Therefore, we first introduce the fundamentals of musculoskeletal electronics and key functionality categories. Subsequently, we present recent advances in musculoskeletal electronics from the perspectives of "in-vitro" to "in-vivo" signal detection, interactive modulation, and therapeutic interventions for healing and recovery. Additionally, we propose nine strategies avenues for the development of advanced musculoskeletal electronic materials and devices. Finally, concise summaries and perspectives are proposed to highlight the directions that deserve focused attention in this booming field. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.