Improving the Measurement of Iron(III) Bioavailability in Freshwater Samples - Methods and Performance.

The toxicity of iron(III) in fresh waters has been detected at concentrations above the iron solubility limit, indicating a contribution of colloidal and particulate forms of iron(III) to the toxicity response. Current water quality guideline values for iron in fresh water are based on analytical determinations of filterable or total iron. Filtration, however, can underestimate bioavailable iron by retaining some of the colloidal fraction, and total determinations overestimate bioavailable iron measurements by recovering fractions of low bioavailability from suspended solids (e.g., iron oxides and oxyhydroxides) naturally abundant in many surface waters. Consequently, there is a need for an analytical method that permits the determination of a bioavailable iron fraction, while avoiding false-negative and false-positive results. Ideally a measurement technique is required that can be readily applied by commercial laboratories and field sampling personnel, and integrated into established regulatory schemes. This study investigated the performance of pH 2 and pH 4 extractions to estimate a bioavailable iron(III) fraction in synthetic water samples containing iron phases of different reactivities. The effects of ageing on fresh precipitates were also studied. The total recoverable, 0.45 µm filtered, and pH 4 extractable fractions did not discriminate iron phases and age groups satisfactorily. Contrastingly, the pH 2 extraction showed specificity towards iron phases and ageing (0.5-2 hours interval). Extraction times above 4 hours and up to 16 hours equally recovered >90% of the spiked iron regardless of its age. Furthermore, less than 1% of the well-mineralised iron was targeted. This study shows that a pH 2 dilute-acid extraction is a suitable candidate method to operationally define iron fractions of higher bioavailability avoiding false-negative and false-positive results. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;00:0-0. © 2022 SETAC.