Application of surrogate safety measures in higher levels of automated vehicles simulation studies: A review of the state of the practice.

Despite the available evidence, there are still significant gaps and certain limitations, as no comparisons between different measures exist, or the validity of the applied measures could not be assessed based on historical road crash data. This work aims to help researchers and practitioners choose the most appropriate SSMs to evaluate HAVs' safety performance. Finally, several research gaps are identified, and recommendations for potential future research directions are presented.