The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years.
Iñigo OlaldeSwapan MallickNick PattersonNadin RohlandVanessa Villalba-MoucoMarina Malta Letro KizysKatharina DuliasCeiridwen J EdwardsFrancesca GandiniMaria PalaPedro A SoaresManuel Ferrando-BernalNicole AdamskiNasreen BroomandkhoshbachtOlivia CheronetBrendan J CulletonDaniel Magalhaes FernandesAnn Marie LawsonMatthew MahJonas OppenheimerKristin StewardsonZhao ZhangJuan Manuel Jiménez-ArenasIsidro Jorge Toro MoyanoDomingo C Salazar-GarcíaPere CastanyerMarta SantosJoaquim TremoledaMarina LozanoPablo García BorjaJavier Fernández-ErasoJosé Antonio Mujika-AlustizaCecilio BarrosoFrancisco J BermúdezEnrique Viguera MínguezJosep BurchNeus CorominaDavid VivóArtur CebriàJosep Maria FullolaOreto García-PucholJuan Ignacio MoralesF Xavier OmsTona MajóJosep-María VergèsAntònia Díaz-CarvajalImma Ollich-CastanyerF Javier López-CacheroAna Maria SilvaCarmen Alonso-FernándezGermán Delibes de CastroJavier Jiménez-EchevarríaAdolfo Moreno-MárquezGuillermo Pascual BerlangaPablo Ramos-GarcíaJosé Ramos-MuñozEduardo Vijande VilaGustau Aguilella ArzoÁngel Esparza ArroyoKatina T LilliosJennifer MackJavier Velasco-VázquezAnna WatermanLuis Benítez de Lugo EnrichMaría Benito SánchezBibiana AgustíFerran CodinaGabriel de PradoAlmudena EstalrrichÁlvaro Fernández FloresClive FinlaysonGeraldine FinlaysonStewart FinlaysonFrancisco Giles GuzmanAntonio RosasVirginia Barciela GonzálezGabriel García AtiénzarMauro S Hernández PérezArmando LlanosYolanda Carrión MarcoIsabel Collado BeneytoDavid López-SerranoMario Sanz TormoAntónio C ValeraConcepción BlascoCorina Liesau von Lettow-VorbeckPatricia RíosJoan DauraMaría Jesús de Pedro MichóAgustín A Diez-CastilloRaúl Flores FernándezJoan Francès FarréRafael Garrido-PenaVictor S GonçalvesElisa Guerra-DoceAna Mercedes Herrero-CorralJoaquim Juan-CabanillesDaniel López-ReyesSarah B McClureMarta Merino PérezArturo Oliver FoixMontserrat SanzAna Catarina SousaJulio Manuel Vidal EncinasDouglas J KennettMartin B RichardsKurt Werner AltWolfgang HaakRon PinhasiCarles Lalueza-FoxDavid ReichPublished in: Science (New York, N.Y.) (2019)
We assembled genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians, of whom 176 are from the largely unsampled period after 2000 BCE, thereby providing a high-resolution time transect of the Iberian Peninsula. We document high genetic substructure between northwestern and southeastern hunter-gatherers before the spread of farming. We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by ~2500 BCE and, by ~2000 BCE, the replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. We show that, in the Iron Age, Steppe ancestry had spread not only into Indo-European-speaking regions but also into non-Indo-European-speaking ones, and we reveal that present-day Basques are best described as a typical Iron Age population without the admixture events that later affected the rest of Iberia. Additionally, we document how, beginning at least in the Roman period, the ancestry of the peninsula was transformed by gene flow from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.