Ecological lifestyle and gill slit height across sharks.

Metabolic morphology-the morphological features related to metabolic rate-offers broad comparative insights into the physiological performance and ecological function of species. However, some metabolic morphological traits, such as gill surface area, require costly and lethal sampling. Measurements of gill slit height from anatomically accurate drawings, such as those in field guides, offer the opportunity to understand physiological and ecological function without the need for lethal sampling. Here, we examine the relationship between gill slit height and each of the three traits that comprise ecological lifestyle: activity, maximum body size, and depth across nearly all sharks ( n = 455). We find that gill slit heights are positively related to activity (measured by the aspect ratio of the caudal fin) and maximum size but negatively related to depth. Overall, gill slit height is best explained by the suite of ecological lifestyle traits rather than any single trait. These results suggest that more active, larger and shallower species (and endothermic species) have higher metabolic throughput as indexed by gill slit height (oxygen uptake) and ecological lifestyle (oxygen expenditure). We show that meaningful ecophysiological relationships can be revealed through measurable metabolic morphological traits from anatomically accurate drawings, which offers the opportunity to estimate class-wide traits for analyses of life history theory and the relationship between biodiversity and ecological function.