Flavonoid diversity and roles in the lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory response of monocytes and macrophages.
Kamal RullahNur Farisya ShamsudinAndreas KoeberleChau Ling ThamMohd Fadhlizil Fasihi Mohd AluwiSze-Wei LeongIbrahim JantanLam Kok WaiPublished in: Future medicinal chemistry (2024)
Targeting lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/toll-like receptor 4 signaling in mononuclear phagocytes has been explored for the treatment of inflammation and inflammation-related disorders. However, only a few key targets have been translated into clinical applications. Flavonoids, a class of ubiquitous plant secondary metabolites, possess a privileged scaffold which serves as a valuable template for designing pharmacologically active compounds directed against diseases with inflammatory components. This perspective provides a general overview of the diversity of flavonoids and their multifaceted mechanisms that interfere with LPS-induced signaling in monocytes and macrophages. Focus is placed on flavonoids targeting MD-2, IκB kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 MAPK and PI3K/Akt or modulating LPS-related gene expression.
Keyphrases
- inflammatory response
- toll like receptor
- lps induced
- pi k akt
- signaling pathway
- oxidative stress
- gene expression
- lipopolysaccharide induced
- nuclear factor
- peripheral blood
- cell proliferation
- cell cycle arrest
- cancer therapy
- dendritic cells
- dna methylation
- ms ms
- transcription factor
- cell death
- molecular dynamics
- molecularly imprinted
- protein kinase
- tandem mass spectrometry