The challenge of engineering Rubisco for improving photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and atmospheric CO 2 into sugars, providing food and oxygen for life. The fixation of atmospheric CO 2 in this crucial biological process is mediated by the enzyme Rubisco. The inefficiencies of Rubisco have inspired researchers for decades to explore ways to improve its function with the goal of increasing crop yields [1-4], and more recently to combat global warming [5]. In this graphical review we highlight the challenges involved in engineering plant Rubisco, with a focus on the extensive chaperone requirement for its biogenesis. We discuss strategies for engineering the catalytic properties of Rubisco and for sequestering the enzyme in membraneless compartments to increase CO 2 fixation.