Dynamic responses of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to drought across diverse plant families.

Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement is a quick and efficient tool for plant stress-level detection. The use of Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), allows the detection of the plant stress level under field conditions. Over the years, several parameters estimating different parts of the chlorophyll and photosystem response were developed to describe the plant stress level. Despite all fluorescence parameters being based on the same measurements, their relationship remains unclear, and their response to drought stress is significantly influenced by the incoming light intensity. In this study, we use six different annual plants from different families, both C3 and C4 photosynthesis types, to describe the plant response to drought through the fluorescence parameters response (NPQ, Y(NPQ), and qN). To describe the dynamic response to drought, we employed light-response curves, adapting and fitting an equation for each curve to compare the drought response for each fluorescence parameter. The results demonstrated that the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the quantum yield of non-photochemical quenching [Y(NPQ)] maximal values decrease when the PSII functionality (F v /F m ) is lower than ~0.7. The basal fluorescence level ( F 0 $$ {F}_0 $$ and F s ) $$ {F}_s\Big) $$ remained unaffected by the stress level and stayed stable across the various plants and stress levels. Our results indicate that the response of different stress parameters follows a distinct order under continuous drought. Consequently, monitoring just one parameter during long-term stress assessments may result in biased analysis outcomes. Incorporating multiple chlorophyll fluorescence parameters offers a more accurate reflection of the plant's stress level.