Transvenous coil embolization with intra-operative cone beam CT assistance in the treatment of hypoglossal canal dural arteriovenous fistulae.

This study demonstrates that TVCE with CBCT assistance is a highly effective treatment option for HC-dAVF, achieving complication-free fistula occlusion in our entire patient cohort. We have found low-dose sCBCTA and CBCT to be an extremely useful adjunct to planar DSA imaging during both workup and treatment of these rare fistulae.