Modifiable vascular risk factors in patients with cerebral and spinal cavernous malformations: a complete 10-year follow-up study.

The probability of hemorrhage in untreated CNS CM patients increases progressively within a decade of follow-up. None of the modifiable vascular risk factors showed strong indication for an influence on hemorrhage risk, but our findings may suggest a more aggressive course in patients with active nicotine abuse or suffering from diabetes.