An unexpected life-threatening persistent oxygen desaturation in a child after extubation.

Ureteroscopic nephrolithotripsy is now being preferred over percutaneous nephrolithotomy for removal of kidney stones in children. Here, in this report, we have discussed persistent oxygen desaturation immediately after extubation in a two-year-old child who underwent Ho-YAG (holmium-yttrium-aluminium garnet) laser ureteroscopic nephrolithotripsy. The child developed bilateral pleural effusion after nephrolithotripsy and required continuous oxygen supplementation to maintain oxygen saturation above 95%, followed by ultrasound-guided thoracentesis.