Diagnosis and Localization of Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: A Systematic Review.
Michael XieKelvin ZhouShamez KachraTobial McHughDoron D SommerPublished in: American journal of rhinology & allergy (2021)
MR cisternography is more accurate than high-resolution CT at diagnosing and localizing CSF rhinorrhea. CT cisternography, contrast-enhanced MR cisternography, and radionuclide cisternography have good diagnostic characteristics but are invasive. Intrathecal fluorescein shows promising data but has not been widely adopted for purely diagnostic use. Office endoscopy has limited data but does not sufficiently diagnose CSF rhinorrhea independently. These findings confirm with current guidelines and evidence.
Keyphrases
- contrast enhanced
- cerebrospinal fluid
- diffusion weighted
- magnetic resonance imaging
- high resolution
- magnetic resonance
- computed tomography
- diffusion weighted imaging
- electronic health record
- dual energy
- big data
- mass spectrometry
- clinical practice
- positron emission tomography
- data analysis
- machine learning
- high speed