T Cell Responses against Orthopoxviruses in HIV-Positive Patients.
Sammet StefanieMichael KoldehoffPia Schenk-WestkampPeter A HornStefan EsserMonika LindemannPublished in: Vaccines (2024)
A global outbreak of predominantly sexually transmitted mpox infections, outside endemic regions, was reported in May 2022. Thereafter, risk groups were vaccinated against smallpox, a structurally related orthopoxvirus. In the current study, we analyzed T cell responses against peptides derived from orthopoxviruses in 33 HIV-positive patients after two vaccinations against smallpox and in 10 patients after mpox infection. We established an ELISpot assay, detecting either the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ or interleukin (IL)-2. After vaccination, 21 out of 33 patients (64%) showed specific IFN-γ secretion and 18 (55%) specific IL-2 secretion, defined as >3-fold higher specific value than negative control and at least 4 spots above the negative control. After mpox infection, all patients showed specific IFN-γ secretion and 7 out of 10 (70%) IL-2 secretion. In vaccinated patients, IFN-γ responses were significantly lower than in patients with mpox infection (median response 4.5 vs. 21.0 spots, p < 0.001). The same trend was observed for IL-2 responses. After mpox infection, IL-2 ELISpot results positively correlated with CD8+ T cells ( p < 0.05). Thus, T cell responses were detectable in two thirds of HIV-positive patients after vaccination and were even more abundant and vigorous after mpox infection.
Keyphrases
- end stage renal disease
- hiv positive
- newly diagnosed
- chronic kidney disease
- ejection fraction
- prognostic factors
- men who have sex with men
- south africa
- immune response
- physical activity
- patient reported outcomes
- antiretroviral therapy
- dendritic cells
- human immunodeficiency virus
- hiv infected
- hepatitis c virus
- high throughput
- amino acid