Epinephrine treatment of food-induced and other cause anaphylaxis in United States and Canadian Emergency Departments: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Epinephrine treatment of food-induced anaphylaxis in the ED has increased over time. There was no clear change for anaphylaxis of any cause. Over the last 10 years, approximately 45% of ED patients with anaphylaxis received epinephrine. A limitation of the evidence is heterogeneity in anaphylaxis definitions.