Three-dimensional echocardiography assessment of carcinoid valvular heart disease: Images of each and all.
Qiangjun CaiDaniel L BecklesMasood AhmadPublished in: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) (2020)
A 54-year-old male was found to have neuroendocrine carcinoma with hepatic metastasis. Two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) demonstrated dilated right ventricle and right atrium, and severe tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation. Three-dimensional (3D) TTE en-face views showed thickened, retracted, and fixed tricuspid valve and pulmonic valve which remained widely open throughout the cardiac cycle. 3D TTE, particularly en-face views, demonstrates incremental value over 2D TTE by providing precise valvular anatomic details comparable to surgical findings. 3D TTE also offers a unique opportunity to assess all four valves simultaneously with en-face views to delineate their relationships with surrounding structures.
Keyphrases
- aortic valve
- pulmonary hypertension
- aortic stenosis
- transcatheter aortic valve replacement
- left ventricular
- mitral valve
- aortic valve replacement
- transcatheter aortic valve implantation
- pulmonary artery
- computed tomography
- pulmonary arterial hypertension
- deep learning
- atrial fibrillation
- machine learning
- convolutional neural network
- optical coherence tomography
- high resolution
- congenital heart disease
- coronary artery