Venous thromboembolism in viral diseases: A comprehensive literature review.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is known to be a common respiratory and/or cardiovascular complication in hospitalized patients with viral infections. Numerous studies have proven human immunodeficiency virus infection to be a prothrombotic condition. An elevated VTE risk has been observed in critically ill H1N1 influenza patients. VTE risk is remarkably higher in patients infected with the Hepatitis C virus in contrast to uninfected subjects. The elevation of D-dimer levels supported the association between Chikungunya and the Zika virus and the rise of clinical VTE risk. Varicella-zoster virus is a risk factor for both cellulitis and the consequent invasive bacterial disease which may take part in thrombotic initiation. Eventually, hospitalized patients infected with the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), the cause of the ongoing worldwide pandemic, could mainly suffer from an anomalous risk of coagulation activation with enhanced venous thrombosis events and poor quality clinical course. Although the risk of VTE in nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients is not known yet, there are a large number of guidelines and studies on thromboprophylaxis administration for COVID-19 cases. This study aims to take a detailed look at the effect of viral diseases on VTE, the epidemiology of VTE in viral diseases, and the diagnosis and treatment of VTE.