Engineered Living Materials for Advanced Diseases Therapy.

Natural living materials serving as biotherapeutics exhibit great potential for treating various diseases owing their immunoactivity, tissue targeting, and other biological activities. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in engineered living materials, including mammalian cells, bacteria, viruses, fungi, microalgae, plants, and their active derivatives that have been used for treating various diseases. Further, the future perspectives and challenges of such engineered living material-based biotherapeutics are discussed to provide considerations for future advances in biomedical applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.