Co-administration of thymol and sulfoxaflor impedes the expression of reproductive toxicity in male rats.

This study investigated the capability of a co-delivery system of thymol (THY) and sulfoxaflor that can serve to minimize the development of epididymal and testicular injury arise from SFX exposures alone. Forty-eight adult male rats were orally treated by gavage for 28 consecutive days. The rats were divided into six groups comprising control, THY alone (30 mg/kg), low SFX alone (79.4 mg/kg), high SFX alone (205 mg/kg) and co-exposure groups. After euthanasia, the rats epididymal and testicular damage and antioxidant status markers, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, levels of nitric oxide, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidative stress (TOS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were analyzed. Levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 b (IL-1β) and caspase-3 activity were assessed using ELISA kits. The results revealed that SFX exposure caused a significant ( p  < 0.05) decrease in the body weight, sperm functional parameters, serum testosterone level with widespread histological abnormalities in a dose-dependent manner. Increased relative organ weights, serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were observed in low SFX-treated rats. Similarly, the epididymal and testicular myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (RONS), tumor necrosis-α, interleukin-1β levels and caspase-3 activity were significant ( p  < 0.05) increased and a significant ( p  < 0.05) reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) were revealed in SFX-treated rats. However, co-treatment of THY with SFX prevented SFX-induced epididymal and testicular toxicities. Thus, thymol protected against potential epididymis and testes alterations elicited by oxido-inflammatory mediators and up regulated antioxidant status.