Noninvasive evaluation of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) protein concentrations in the stratum corneum and serum of healthy and atopic dogs.

The role of VEGF in canine AD is unclear. Because of many variants, VEGF-C and VEGF-D or VEGF-A isotopes should be explored in the skin to better evaluate the role of VEGF in canine atopy. Full-thickness skin biopsy, molecular biology and histopathological investigation may be necessary to further assess cutaneous VEGF expression.