Injury patterns, management and outcomes of retroperitoneal haemorrhage caused by lower intercostal arterial bleeding at a level-1 trauma centre: A 10-year retrospective review.

The present study highlights the importance of injury patterns, particularly posterior lower rib fractures, as predictors for early recognition and management of RPH in the prevention of deleterious patient outcomes. RPH secondary to bleeding of the LIA may require early and aggressive management of haemorrhage through massive transfusion, and angioembolisation or surgical ligation when compared to RPH because of other causes.