Precisely Controlling Nanochannels of Graphene Oxide Membranes through Lignin-Based Cation Decoration for Dehydration of Biofuels.

Lignin-based cations introduced into graphene oxide (GO) have been found to bring about stabilization of the nanostructure and the active sites and to give rise to various interactions for subsequent modification with polyelectrolyte and nanospacers, with a view to precisely controlling the nanochannels of the GO-based membranes. The resulting membranes exhibited excellent performance in biofuel dehydration with water flux of 4000-6000 g m-2  h-1 , which exceeds that of the state-of-the-art polymeric and GO-based membranes.