Fully Integrated Ultra-thin Intraoperative Micro-imager for Cancer Detection Using Upconverting Nanoparticles.

The imaging system proposed here is a scalable chip-scale ultra-thin alternative for bulky conventional intraoperative imagers. Its novel pixel architecture and background correction scheme enable visualization of microscopic-scale residual disease while remaining completely free of lenses and filters, achieving an ultra-miniaturized form factor-critical for intraoperative settings.