AgNPs-Triggered Seed Metabolic and Transcriptional Reprogramming Enhanced Rice Salt Tolerance and Blast Resistance.

Seeds are facing harsher environments due to the changing climate. Improving seeds' stress resilience is critical to reduce yield loss. Here, we propose that using ROS-generating nanoparticles (NPs) to prestimulate seeds would enhance the stress resilience of seeds and seedlings through triggering stress/immune responses. We examined this hypothesis by exposing AgNPs-primed rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seeds under salt conditions (NaCl). The results showed that primed seeds exhibit accelerated germination speed, increased seedling vigor (from 22.5 to 47.6), biomass (11%), and root length (83%) compared to seeds with hydropriming treatment. Multiomics (metabolomics and transcriptomics) analyses reveal that AgNPs-priming triggered metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming in rice seeds. Signaling metabolites, such as salicylic acid, niacinamide, and glycerol-3-phosphate, dramatically increased upon AgNPs-priming. KEGG pathway analysis reveals that AgNPs-priming activated stress signaling and defense related pathways, such as plant hormone signal transduction, glutathione metabolism, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, MAPK signaling pathway, and plant-pathogen interaction. These metabolic and transcriptional changes indicate that AgNPs-priming triggered stress/immune responses. More importantly, this "stress memory" can last weeks, providing protection to rice seedlings against salt stress and rice blast fungus ( Magnaporthe oryzae ). Overall, we show that prestimulated seeds with ROS-generating AgNPs not only enable faster and better germination under stress conditions, but also increase seedling resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This simple nanobiostimulant-based strategy may contribute to sustainable agriculture by maintaining agricultural production and reducing the use of pesticides.