Synthesis and characterisation of a cancerous liver for presurgical planning and training applications.

Synthetic liver was better than porcine liver at recreating the mechanical properties of living human liver. Warmed porcine liver was more brittle, less extensible and stiffer than both human and synthetic tissues. Qualitative surgical assessment of the model by a consultant liver surgeon showed vasculature was explorable and that bimanual palpation, organ delivery, transposition and organ slumping were analogous to human liver behaviour.