Design and statistical optimisation of emulsomal nanoparticles for improved anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of N -(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido candidates: in vitro and in silico studies.

In this article, emulsomes (EMLs) were fabricated to encapsulate the N -(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido derivatives ( 3a - 3g ) in an attempt to improve their biological availability and antiviral activity. Next, both cytotoxicity and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of the examined compounds loaded EMLs ( F3a - g ) were assessed in Vero E6 cells via MTT assay to calculate the CC 50 and inhibitory concentration 50 (IC 50 ) values. The most potent 3e -loaded EMLs ( F3e ) elicited a selectivity index of 18 with an IC 50 value of 0.73 μg/mL. Moreover, F3e was selected for further elucidation of a possible mode of action where the results showed that it exhibited a combination of virucidal (>90%), viral adsorption (>80%), and viral replication (>60%) inhibition. Besides, molecular docking and MD simulations towards the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro were performed. Finally, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study focussed on studying the influence of altering the size, type, and flexibility of the α-substituent to the carboxamide in addition to compound contraction on SARS-CoV-2 activity.HighlightsEmulsomes (EMLs) were fabricated to encapsulate the N -(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido derivatives ( 3a - 3g ).The most potent 3e -loaded EMLs ( F3e ) showed an IC 50 value of 0.73 μg/mL against SARS-CoV-2.F3e exhibited a combination of virucidal (>90%), viral adsorption (>80%), and viral replication (>60%) inhibition.Molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and MM-GBSA calculations were performed.Structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was discussed to study the influence of altering the size, type, and flexibility of the α-substituent to the carboxamide on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity.