Current therapies and challenges for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-related infections.
Nikki N TranTaylor MorrisetteSarah C J JorgensenJosé M Orench-BenvenuttiRazieh KebriaeiPublished in: Pharmacotherapy (2023)
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections and contributes to significant increase in morbidity and mortality especially when associated with medical devices and in biofilm form. Biofilm structure provides a pathway for enrichment of resistant and persistent phenotypes of S. aureus leading to relapse and recurrence of infection. Minimal diffusion of antibiotics inside biofilm structure leads to heterogeneity and distinct physiological activity. Additionally, horizontal gene transfer between cells in proximity adds to the challenges associated with eradication of biofilms. This narrative review focuses on biofilm-associated infections caused by S. aureus, the impact of environmental conditions on biofilm formation, interactions inside biofilm communities, and the clinical challenges that they present. Conclusively, potential solutions, novel treatment strategies, combination therapies and reported alternatives are discussed.
Keyphrases
- staphylococcus aureus
- biofilm formation
- candida albicans
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
- cystic fibrosis
- acinetobacter baumannii
- escherichia coli
- induced apoptosis
- gene expression
- copy number
- helicobacter pylori
- human health
- dna methylation
- genome wide
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- signaling pathway
- transcription factor
- oxidative stress
- climate change
- cell cycle arrest