Urinary biomarkers of exposure to toxic and essential elements: A comparison of infants fed with human milk or formula.

Talia D PikounisKassaundra L AmannBrian P Jackson Tracy Punshon Diane Gilbert-Diamond Susan A Korrick Margaret R Karagas Kathryn L Cottingham

Published in: Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2024)

Our findings suggest that infant exposure to several potentially toxic elements varies by feeding mode, as concentrations of reliable urinary biomarkers were higher with formula or human milk, depending on the element. Importantly, exposure to arsenic increased with household tap water arsenic regardless of feeding mode, suggesting that all infants could be at risk in populations with high concentrations of arsenic in drinking water.

Keyphrases

human milk
drinking water
low birth weight
health risk assessment
health risk
preterm infants
preterm birth
heavy metals
risk assessment