Unprecedented Approach of Fabrication and Analysis of a Bioactive PDMS/Hydroxyapatite/Graphene Nanocomposite Scaffold with a Vascular Channel to Combat Carcinogenesis.

In the present investigation, natural bone-derived hydroxyapatite (HA, 2 wt %) and/or exfoliated graphene (Gr, 0.1 wt %)-embedded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomeric films were prepared using a vascular method. The morphology, mechanical properties, crystallinity, and chemical structure of the composite films were evaluated. The in vitro biodegradation kinetics of the films indicates their adequate physiological stability. Most of the results favored PDMS/HA/Gr as a best composite scaffold having more than 703% elongation. A simulation study of the microfluidic vascular channel of the PDMS/HA/Gr scaffold suggests that the pressure drop at the outlet became greater (from 1.19 to 0.067 Pa) unlike velocity output (from 0.071 to 0.089 m/s), suggesting a turbulence-free laminar flow. Our bioactive scaffold material, PDMS/HA/Gr, showed highest cytotoxicity toward the lung cancer and breast cancer cells through Runx3 protein-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation. Our data and predicted mechanism also suggested that the PDMS/HA/Gr-supported peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) not only increased the generation of CTL but also upregulated the expression of RUNX3. Since the PDMS/HA/Gr scaffold-supported Runx3 induced CTL generation caused maximum cell cytotoxicity of breast cancer (MCF-7) and lung cancer (A549) cells, PDMS/HA/Gr can be treated as an excellent potential candidate for CTL-mediated cancer therapy.