The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe.
Iosif LazaridisSongül Alpaslan-RoodenbergAyşe AcarAyşen AçıkkolAnagnostis AgelarakisLevon AghikyanUğur AkyüzDesislava AndreevaGojko AndrijaševićDragana AntonovićIan ArmitAlper AtmacaPavel AvetisyanAhmet İhsan AytekKrum BacvarovRuben BadalyanStefan BakardzhievJacqueline BalenLorenc BejkoRebecca BernardosAndreas BertsatosHanifi BiberAhmet BilirMario BodružićMichelle BonogofskyClive BonsallDušan BorićNikola BorovinićGuillermo Bravo MoranteKatharina ButtingerKimberly CallanFrancesca CandilioMario CarićOlivia CheronetStefan ChohadzhievMaria-Eleni ChovalopoulouStella ChryssoulakiIon CiobanuNatalija ČondićMihai ConstantinescuEmanuela CristianiBrendan J CulletonElizabeth CurtisJack DavisTatiana I DemcencoValentin DergachevZafer DerinSylvia DeskajSeda DevejyanVojislav DjordjevićKellie Sara Duffett CarlsonLaurie R EcclesNedko ElenskiAtilla EnginNihat ErdoğanSabiha Erir-PazarcıDaniel Magalhaes FernandesMatthew FerrySuzanne FreilichAlin FrînculeasaMichael L GalatyBeatriz GamarraBoris GasparyanBisserka GaydarskaElif GençTimur GültekinSerkan GündüzTamás HajduVolker HeydSuren HobosyanNelli HovhannisyanIliya IlievIliya IlievStanislav Ilievİlkay İvginIvor JankovićLence JovanovaPanagiotis KarkanasBerna Kavaz-KındığılıEsra Hilal KayaDenise KeatingDouglas J KennettSeda Deniz KesiciAnahit KhudaverdyanKrisztián KissSinan KılıçPaul KlostermannSinem Kostak Boca Negra ValdesSaša KovačevićMarta Krenz-NiedbałaMaja Krznarić ŠkrivankoRovena KurtiPasko KuzmanAnn Marie LawsonCatalin LazarKrassimir LeshtakovThomas E LevyIoannis LiritzisKirsi O LorentzSylwia ŁukasikMatthew MahSwapan MallickKirsten MandlKristine Martirosyan-OlshanskyRoger MatthewsWendy MatthewsKathleen McSweeneyVarduhi MelikyanAdam MiccoMegan MichelLidija MilašinovićAlissa MittnikJanet M MongeGeorgi NekhrizovRebecca NichollsAlexey G NikitinVassil NikolovMario NovakIñigo OlaldeJonas OppenheimerAnna OsterholtzCelal ÖzdemirKadir Toykan ÖzdoğanNurettin ÖztürkNikos PapadimitriouNiki PapakonstantinouAnastasia PapathanasiouLujana ParamanEvgeny G PaskaryNick PattersonIlian PetrakievLevon PetrosyanVanya PetrovaAnna Philippa-TouchaisAshot PiliposyanHrvoje PotrebicaBianca Preda-BălănicăZrinka PremužićT Douglas PriceLijun QiuSiniša RadovićKamal Raeuf AzizPetra Rajić ŠikanjićKamal Rasheed RaheemSergei RazumovAmy RichardsonJacob RoodenbergRudenc RukaVictoria RussevaMustafa ŞahinAyşegül ŞarbakEmre SavaşConstanze SchattkeLynne A SchepartzTayfun SelçukAyla Sevim-ErolMichel Shamoon-PourHenry M ShephardAthanasios SiderisAngela SimalcsikHakob SimonyanVitalij SinikaKendra A SirakGhenadie SirbuMario ŠlausAndrei D SoficaruBilal SöğütArkadiusz SołtysiakÇilem Sönmez SözerMaria StathiMartin SteskalKristin StewardsonSharon StockerFadime Suata-AlpaslanAlexander SuvorovAnna Szécsényi-NagyTamás SzeniczeyNikolai TelnovStrahil TemovNadezhda TodorovaUlsi TotaGilles TouchaisSevi TriantaphyllouAtila TürkerMarina UgarkovićTodor ValchevFanica VeljanovskaZlatko VidevskiCristian ViragAnna WagnerSam WalshPiotr WłodarczakJ Noah WorkmanAram YardumianEvgenii YarovoyAlper Yener YavuzHakan YılmazFatma ZalzalaAnna ZettlZhao ZhangRafet ÇavuşoğluNadin RohlandRon PinhasiDavid ReichRuben DavtyanPublished in: Science (New York, N.Y.) (2022)
By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra-West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe.