Evaluation of Postoperative Anastomotic Patency in Lymphaticovenular Anastomosis Using Photoacoustic Imaging.

While PAI provides valuable insights, challenges remain, including the potential for ambiguous results from the intermittent nature of lymphatic flow and difficulty visualizing low-ICG-concentration lymphatic vessels. Nonetheless, PAI offers a promising method for detailed 3D evaluation of anastomoses. It may improve surgical outcomes and contribute to future evidence in the field. Further advancements, including real-time video assessment, may enhance the accuracy and reliability of LVA patency evaluation.