Current Guidelines for Classifying and Diagnosing Cervical Dystonia: Empirical Evidence and Recommendations.
Gamze Kilic-BerkmenSarah Pirio RichardsonJoel S PerlmutterMark HallettChristine KleinAparna Wagle-ShuklaIrene A MalatyStephen G ReichBrian D BermanJeanne S FeuersteinMarie VidailhetEmmanuel RozeJoseph JankovicAbhimanyu MahajanAlberto J EspayRichard L BarbanoMark S LeDouxAlexander Y PantelyatSamuel FrankNatividad StoverAlfredo BerardelliJulie Leegwater-KimGiovanni DefazioScott A NorrisHyder A Jinnahnull nullPublished in: Movement disorders clinical practice (2021)
Although focal cervical dystonia is the most common type of dystonia, a high percentage of subjects given this diagnosis had dystonia outside of the neck region. This observation points to the need for more specific guidelines for defining this common disorder. Such guidelines are proposed here.